Actio Publiciana: Kajian Romanistik, Penerimaan Modern, dan Perspektif Metodologi Hukum Islam
Keywords:
actio Publiciana, hukum Romawi, usucapion, rei vindication, hukum Islam, perlindungan possesor, fiksi hukumAbstract
Actio Publiciana is a Roman law instrument designed to protect good-faith possessors who are in the process of acquiring ownership through usucapio, by means of a legal fiction that presumes the prescriptive period has already elapsed. This article examines the doctrinal genealogy of actio Publiciana within the Roman legal tradition, its structural relationship with rei vindicatio and usucapio, the normative limits imposed upon it, its modern reception in various civil law jurisdictions, and its methodological position when evaluated from the perspective of Islamic law. The analysis demonstrates that actio Publiciana functions as a praetorian remedy that bridges the gap between factual possession and formal civil ownership, operating through the technique of actio ficticia. In modern reception, the instrument has been retained in some jurisdictions as the action of the presumed owner, integrated as a subspecies of vindication in others, or rejected as a standalone institution. With respect to Islamic law, the available sources do not support the existence of a fiqh institution directly equivalent to actio Publiciana; rather, the methodological tools of Islamic jurisprudence—namely qiyās, judicial discretion (taqdir al-qādī), and the preventive principle of sadd al-dzarī'ah—provide the only available framework through which such an instrument could conceivably be reconstructed.
Actio Publiciana merupakan instrumen hukum Romawi yang dirancang untuk melindungi pemegang beriktikad baik yang sedang dalam proses perolehan kepemilikan melalui usucapio, dengan menggunakan teknik fiksi hukum bahwa tenggang waktu preskripsi telah terpenuhi. Artikel ini mengkaji genealogi dogmatis actio Publiciana dalam tradisi hukum Romawi, hubungan strukturalnya dengan rei vindicatio dan usucapio, batas-batas normatif yang membatasinya, penerimaan modernnya di berbagai yurisdiksi hukum sipil, serta posisinya secara metodologis ketika ditimbang dari perspektif hukum Islam. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa actio Publiciana berfungsi sebagai upaya hukum pretorian yang menjembatani kesenjangan antara penguasaan faktual dan kepemilikan sipil formal, yang bekerja melalui teknik actio ficticia. Dalam penerimaan modern, instrumen ini dipertahankan di sebagian yurisdiksi sebagai gugatan pemilik yang diasumsikan, diintegrasikan sebagai subspesies vindikasi di yurisdiksi lain, atau ditolak sebagai institusi mandiri. Adapun dalam perspektif hukum Islam, sumber-sumber yang tersedia tidak mendukung adanya institusi fiqh yang secara langsung setara dengan actio Publiciana; perangkat metodologis hukum Islam—yakni qiyās, diskresi hakim (taqdir al-qādī), dan prinsip preventif sadd al-dzarī'ah—hanya menyediakan kerangka di mana instrumen semacam itu secara metodologis dapat direkonstruksi.
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