Ademption dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam: Kajian Komparatif tentang Hapusnya Hibah-Wasiat karena Objek yang Dialihkan Sebelum Kematian
Keywords:
ademption, wasiyyah, hibah, hukum harta islam, faraid, hibah-wasiat, hukum komparatifAbstract
Ademption, a doctrine rooted in Anglo-American testamentary law, refers to the failure of a testamentary gift when the subject matter no longer exists within the testator's estate at the time of death. This article examines the functional equivalent of this doctrine within the Islamic legal framework, particularly through the lens of wasiyyah (bequest) and hibah (inter vivos gift). Employing a comparative-functional methodology, this study demonstrates that while ademption is not established as a formal fiqh term, the underlying phenomenon — the non-executability of a testamentary disposition when its object has been transferred or has ceased to exist prior to the testator's death — finds its conceptual parallel in Islamic estate administration. The analysis reveals three foundational premises: (i) wasiyyah is a declaration made during one's lifetime, effective only after death, within the ordered administration of the estate; (ii) wasiyyah is normatively constrained by the one-third rule and the prohibition of bequests to legal heirs except with the consent of other heirs; and (iii) a perfected inter vivos hibah removes the asset from the estate pool subject to faraid, whereas an imperfect hibah at the time of death falls under the wasiyyah regime. This study concludes that “ademption” in the Islamic context is best understood as a functional consequence: when an asset has lawfully and completely left the testator's estate during their lifetime, the testamentary clause pertaining to it becomes non-executable — a result that comparative testamentary law terms ademption.
Ademption merupakan doktrin yang berakar dalam tradisi hukum wasiat Anglo-Amerika, yang merujuk pada gagalnya suatu pemberian testamenter ketika objek yang diwasiatkan tidak lagi terdapat dalam harta pewaris pada saat kematian. Artikel ini mengkaji padanan fungsional doktrin tersebut dalam kerangka hukum Islam, khususnya melalui lensa wasiyyah (wasiat) dan hibah (pemberian semasa hidup). Dengan menggunakan metodologi komparatif-fungsional, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun ademption tidak ditetapkan sebagai istilah teknis fikih, fenomena yang mendasarinya — yakni tidak dapat dilaksanakannya suatu disposisi testamenter ketika objeknya telah dialihkan atau musnah sebelum kematian pewaris — menemukan padanan konseptualnya dalam administrasi harta peninggalan Islam. Analisis mengungkapkan tiga premis dasar: (i) wasiyyah adalah deklarasi yang dibuat semasa hidup, berlaku setelah kematian, dalam urutan administrasi harta peninggalan; (ii) wasiyyah dibatasi secara normatif oleh aturan sepertiga dan larangan berwasiat kepada ahli waris kecuali dengan persetujuan ahli waris lain; dan (iii) hibah inter vivos yang telah sempurna mengeluarkan aset dari pool harta yang tunduk pada faraid, sedangkan hibah yang belum sempurna pada saat kematian jatuh dalam rezim wasiyyah. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa “ademption” dalam konteks Islam paling tepat dipahami sebagai konsekuensi fungsional: ketika suatu aset telah keluar secara sah dan sempurna dari harta pewaris semasa hidupnya, klausul testamenter yang berkaitan dengan aset tersebut menjadi tidak dapat dilaksanakan — suatu hasil yang dalam hukum wasiat komparatif dinamai ademption.
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