Ajudikasi dalam Hukum Islam: Konsep, Kelembagaan, dan Praktik Kontemporer
Keywords:
ajudikasi, qaḍā', peradilan agama, ekonomi syariah, penyelesaian sengketa islamAbstract
Adjudication as a dispute resolution mechanism through examination and decision by a competent institution is a fundamental concept in the Islamic legal system, articulated through the institution of qaḍā' and the role of the qāḍī. This article aims to examine the concept of adjudication in the Islamic legal tradition, its various institutional models, its relationship with alternative dispute resolution mechanisms (ṣulḥ and taḥkīm), and its implementation in the context of Indonesian religious courts—particularly in Islamic economic disputes. Using a systematic literature review approach of comparative Islamic law and Indonesian positive law, this article finds that adjudication in Islam does not stand in isolation from peaceful mechanisms, but rather exists within a spectrum of dispute resolution that can be integrated in a court-annexed manner. In the Indonesian context, adjudication is institutionalized in the Religious Courts with substantive legal sources of a hybrid nature between Sharī'ah norms and state norms. The main challenges include the plurality of legal sources, regulatory gaps, Sharī'ah compliance in decisions, and the epistemic capacity of judges. Strengthening judge competence and certification, improving regulations, and integrating modern procedures with Sharī'ah substance are essential prerequisites for adjudication to provide legal certainty as well as substantive justice.
Ajudikasi sebagai mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa melalui pemeriksaan dan putusan oleh lembaga berwenang merupakan konsep fundamental dalam sistem hukum Islam yang terartikulasikan melalui institusi qaḍā' dan peran qāḍī. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji konsep ajudikasi dalam tradisi hukum Islam, ragam model kelembagaannya, hubungannya dengan mekanisme alternatif penyelesaian sengketa (ṣulḥ dan taḥkīm), serta implementasinya dalam konteks peradilan agama Indonesia—khususnya dalam sengketa ekonomi syariah. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian pustaka sistematis terhadap literatur hukum Islam komparatif dan hukum positif Indonesia, artikel ini menemukan bahwa ajudikasi dalam Islam tidak berdiri terisolasi dari mekanisme damai, melainkan berada dalam spektrum penyelesaian sengketa yang dapat diintegrasikan secara court-annexed. Dalam konteks Indonesia, ajudikasi terlembaga di Peradilan Agama dengan sumber hukum materiil yang bersifat hibrida antara norma syariah dan norma negara. Tantangan utama meliputi pluralitas sumber hukum, celah regulasi, kepatuhan syariah dalam putusan, serta kapasitas epistemik hakim. Penguatan kompetensi dan sertifikasi hakim, pembenahan regulasi, serta integrasi prosedur modern dengan substansi syariah merupakan prasyarat penting agar ajudikasi mampu memberikan kepastian hukum sekaligus keadilan substantif.
References
Adelia, D., Yumarni, A., & Suprijatna, D. (2023). Optimizing the improvement of judge competence in settlements of sharia economic disputes in religious courts. Batulis Civil Law Review, 4(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v4i2.1718
Akanbi, M. M., Abdulrauf, L. A., & Daibu, A. A. (2016). Customary arbitration in Nigeria: A review of extant judicial parameters and the need for paradigm shift. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The), 6(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v6i1.9
Al-Badayneh, D. M., Al-Tarawneh, M. E., Lamchichi, A. A., & Ellamey, Y. M. (2024). Restorative justice: Does it work in the Arab countries? International Journal of Religion, 5(8), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.61707/23mn6z72
Alghushami, H. A. (2020). Relations between tribal arbitration and formal judiciary. مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.s230619
Alkharji, A. A. S. (2024). Understanding Islamic Sharia and the KSA legal system. JLPG. https://doi.org/10.7176/jlpg/138-07
Amrullah, R. A. (2022). Solution of shariah economic disputes in the provisions set by the Supreme Court. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Akuntansi Dan Perbankan (Jeskape), 6(2), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.52490/jeskape.v6i2.933
Apellániz, F. (2020). Introduction (pp. 1–37). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431737_002
Arafa, M. A. (2020). Islamic jurisdiction: Sharie'a courts and the future of public policy. Revista Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia, 25(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.25192/issn.1982-0496.rdfd.v25i11829
Baderin, M. A. (2010). Administration of justice under the Shariah, common law and civil law system: Towards a better understanding. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 2. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v2i1.27
Bhatti, M. (2019). Managing Shariah non-compliance risk via Islamic dispute resolution. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13010002
Broyde, M. J. (2024). Faith-based family law arbitration in secular democracies—Is the end near? (pp. 590–614). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004546189_031
Farah, A. Q., & Hattab, R. (2020). The application of Sharīʿah finance rules in international commercial arbitration. Utrecht Law Review, 16(1), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.592
Harahap, P. H., Asmuni, Syahputra, A., Meidina, A. R., & Zein, A. (2023). Religious court decisions regarding the revocation of grant (hibah) in the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 215–232. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v17i2.9767
Hassan, A., & Malik, D. M. (2020). Evolution of dispute resolution processes: From informal to formal and back to informal. Global Social Sciences Review, V(II), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-ii).31
Hidayah, N., & Azis, A. (2023). Implementation of progressive law in sharia banking dispute settlement: Case study of religious court decisions in Indonesia. Ulumuna, 27(1), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i1.652
Jahar, A. S. (2019). Bureaucratizing sharia in modern Indonesia: The case of zakat, waqf and family law. Studia Islamika, 26(2), 207–245. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v26i2.7797
Kariuki, F., & Nwauche, E. S. (2023). Reflections on the “autonomous alternative justice system institutions” in Kenya's alternative justice systems policy frameworks. Recht in Afrika, 26(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2023-1-70
Kuhlmann, A., & Kury, H. (2018). Some considerations of restorative justice before and outside of contemporary western states. Kriminologijos Studijos, 5, 5–42. https://doi.org/10.15388/crimlithuan.2017.5.11731
Mujib, M. H. F., Budiono, A. R., Fadli, Moh., & Hamidah, S. (2024). Authority of religious courts: Establishing heirs for non-Muslims. International Journal of Religion, 5(1), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.61707/zdt00775
Nurjaman, M. I., Arifin, T., Athoillah, M. A., Witro, D., & Pary, H. (2022). Dynamics of sharia economic dispute resolution regulations in the sociology of law. Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 5(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.30595/jhes.v5i2.14386
Okoli, A. C. (2019). ODR: An Islamic jurisprudence perspective. Conflict Studies Quarterly, (26), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.24193/csq.26.4
Oseni, U. A. (2015). Sharī'ah court-annexed dispute resolution of three commonwealth countries—A literature review. International Journal of Conflict Management, 26(2), 214–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-06-2012-0050
Pfeiffer, J. (2011). Traditional dispute resolution mechanisms in Afghanistan and their relationship to the national justice sector. Verfassung in Recht Und Übersee, 44(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2011-1-81
Rumbay, C. A., & Wiryadinata, H. (2021). An exploration to Christianity teaching concerning penal mediation of criminal procedure law in Indonesia. Justitia Et Pax, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.24002/jep.v37i2.3654
Stefini, T. (2025). Ottoman justice and political economy of empires: Venetian merchants in seventeenth-century Ottoman courts. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417525100261
Suhendar, H., & Janwari, Y. (2023). Regulation and significance of sharia economic dispute resolution in religious courts. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Tambun Bungai, 8(2), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.61394/jihtb.v8i2.267
Sukadi, I., & Zuhriah, E. (2021). The legal policy of judicial power: The idea of implementation of small claim courts in religious courts. De Jure Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar'iah, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v13i1.10913
Vahedi, H., Zahedi, A., & Janaki, F. M. (2021). Evaluation of the role and position of dispute resolution councils in Iran's criminal policy in comparison with similar institutions in the French judiciary. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 9(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i2.21744
Wahb, Y. A. (2023). Competing authorities. American Journal of Islam and Society, 39(3–4), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v39i3-4.2993
Willya, E. (2023). Implications of Islamic law in business dispute resolution: A qualitative approach to Muslim entrepreneurs. Sanskara Hukum Dan Ham, 2(01), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.58812/shh.v2i01.243