Akta Perdamaian Menurut Hukum Islam: Konseptualisasi Sulh/Iṣlāḥ dan Pelembagaannya dalam Putusan Pengadilan
Keywords:
akta perdamaian, sulh, iṣlāḥ, mediasi, Pengadilan Agama, sengketa ekonomi syariah, kepatuhan syariahAbstract
This article examines the concept of akta perdamaian (deed of peace/settlement deed) from the perspective of Islamic law and its institutionalization within the Indonesian judicial system, particularly the Religious Courts (Pengadilan Agama). Through a normative-analytical approach based on literature synthesis, this study explores the conceptual convergence between the Islamic doctrine of sulh/iṣlāḥ (peaceful settlement) and the procedural mechanisms of court-mediated settlement under Indonesian positive law. The findings indicate that akta perdamaian functions as a formalized expression of sulh, wherein a private consensual agreement is transformed into a legally enforceable instrument through judicial ratification, acquiring the same binding force as a court verdict. In the context of sharia economic disputes — exclusively under the jurisdiction of Religious Courts following Constitutional Court Decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012 — the akta perdamaian serves as a normative bridge between sharia compliance expectations and the procedural efficiency goals of dispute resolution. However, the literature also reveals persistent challenges including limited mediator competence, low legal culture awareness, and the absence of sharia-specific procedural law. This article concludes that an ideal akta perdamaian must satisfy both procedural legality and substantive sharia conformity, and that its effective production depends on judicial capacity, institutional readiness, and the good faith of the disputing parties.
Artikel ini mengkaji konsep akta perdamaian dari perspektif hukum Islam dan pelembagaannya dalam sistem peradilan Indonesia, khususnya Pengadilan Agama. Melalui pendekatan normatif-analitis berbasis sintesis literatur, studi ini menelusuri titik temu antara doktrin Islam tentang sulh/iṣlāḥ (perdamaian) dengan mekanisme prosedural penyelesaian damai dalam hukum positif Indonesia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa akta perdamaian berfungsi sebagai formalisasi sulh, di mana kesepakatan konsensual para pihak ditransformasikan menjadi instrumen yang dapat dipaksakan secara hukum melalui pengesahan yudisial, sehingga memperoleh kekuatan mengikat setara putusan pengadilan. Dalam konteks sengketa ekonomi syariah yang menjadi kewenangan absolut Pengadilan Agama pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012, akta perdamaian berperan sebagai jembatan normatif antara tuntutan kepatuhan syariah dan tujuan efisiensi penyelesaian sengketa. Namun, literatur juga mengungkap tantangan yang berulang, meliputi keterbatasan kompetensi mediator, rendahnya budaya hukum masyarakat, serta belum tersedianya hukum acara khusus peradilan Islam. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa akta perdamaian yang ideal harus memenuhi keabsahan prosedural sekaligus kesesuaian substantif dengan prinsip syariah, dan efektivitas produksinya bergantung pada kapasitas yudisial, kesiapan institusional, serta itikad baik para pihak yang bersengketa.
References
Abdullah, F. D., Arifin, T., & Abdal. (2023). Analysis of Sociology and Anthropology of Sharia Economic Law On Murabahah Dispute Settlement at The Cirebon Religious Court. Strata Law Review, 1(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.59631/slr.v1i2.94
Abdullah, M. A. bin. (2024). Analyzing the Dynamics Between Sharia Law and Civil Law in Governing Divorce Proceedings Among Muslims in Malaysia and Comparing Legal Outcomes. Law and Economy, 3(4), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.56397/le.2024.04.05
Abubakar, Y. S., Nafees, S. M., Dorloh, S., & Aji, R. H. (2023). Settlement of Disputes and the Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(3), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(3).11
Adelia, D., Yumarni, A., & Suprijatna, D. (2023). Optimizing the Improvement of Judge Competence in Settlements of Sharia Economic Disputes in Religious Courts. Batulis Civil Law Review, 4(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v4i2.1718
Akanbi, M. M., Abdulrauf, L. A., & Daibu, A. A. (2016). Customary arbitration in Nigeria: a review of extant judicial parameters and the need for paradigm shift. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The), 6(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v6i1.9
Amrullah, R. A. (2022). Solution of Shariah Economic Disputes in the Provisions Set by the Supreme Court. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Akuntansi dan Perbankan (Jeskape), 6(2), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.52490/jeskape.v6i2.933
Asbullah, S., Mohamad, M. D., Abdullah, S. F. S., & Shahruddin, M. S. (2021). Strengthening Mediation in Neighbourhood Dispute: An Islamic input. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(SI5), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi5.2924
Baamir, A. Y., & Bantekas, I. (2009). Saudi Law as Lex Arbitri: Evaluation of Saudi Arbitration Law and Judicial Practice. Arbitration International, 25(2), 239–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/25.2.239
Dispute Resolution in Indonesian Islamic Banking: Previous Trends and Future Perspectives. (2023). International Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Education, 02(05). https://doi.org/10.58806/ijirme.2023.v2i5n04
Establishment of a Belt and Road Dispute Settlement Mechanism. (2019). China and WTO Review, 5(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.14330/cwr.2019.5.1.04
Harsya, R. M. K. (2018). Community Trends to Choose the Sharia Economic Settlement Agreement. Diponegoro Law Review, 3(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.3.1.2018.104-121
Heriyah, H., & Santiago, F. (2021). Reconciliation as Problem Solution of Sharia Economic Dispute in Religious Court. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-3-2021.2306278
Hidayah, N., & Azis, A. (2023). Implementation of Progressive Law in Sharia Banking Dispute Settlement: Case Study of Religious Court Decisions in Indonesia. Ulumuna, 27(1), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i1.652
Himayasari, N. D., Anshori, A. R., & Maulida, I. S. R. (2022). Legal Effectiveness of The Supreme Court Regulation on Sharia Economic Dispute Settlement in West Java Religious Court. Mizan Journal of Islamic Law, 6(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v5i3.1072
Imaniyati, N. S., Januarita, R., Mufidi, M. F., Putra, P. A. A., & Susanto, Y. A. (2022). Small Claim Court in Sharia Economic Dispute Settlement: Overview of Sharia Economic Principles. Mimbar Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v0i0.8597
Islamiyati, I., Hendrawati, D., Musyafah, A. A., Hakimah, A., & Markom, R. (2022). Religious Practices of Land Endowment: Examining Reform and Dispute Resolution Alternatives of Land Waqf in Indonesia and Malaysia. International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 9(3), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.18488/74.v9i3.3204
Karmawan, K. (2020). Mediation in the Religious Courts of Indonesia. Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v20i1.13249
Ladapo, O. (2009). Where does Islamic Arbitration fit into the Judicially Recognised Ingredients of Customary Arbitration in the Nigerian Jurisprudence? African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v8i2.39427
Lahaji, L., & Maulasa, A. (2023). The Integration of One-Stop Integrated Service Policy in the Religious Judicial System in Indonesia. Al-Ulum, 23(1), 240–264. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v23i1.4132
Macklin, A. (2013). Multiculturalism meets privatisation: the case of faith-based arbitration. International Journal of Law in Context, 9(3), 343–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000177
Minardi, A. (2020). Two Lane Settlement of Sharia Economic Disputes Between Religious Court and National Sharia Arbitration Agency (BASYARNAS). Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society, 1(2), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.36256/ijrs.v1i2.66
Nasrallah, F. (2021). Arbitration in Syria: Navigating Postwar Disputes. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 10(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2021.35
Riyyano, R. (2020). Absolute Competency Problems in Settlement of Mortgage Rights Execution Disputes of Islamic Banking in Religious Courts. Jurnal Mahkamah Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.25217/jm.v5i2.1029
Rosidah, Z. N. (2020). Limitation of Application of Sharia Principles in Sharia Economic Dispute Resolution in Religious Courts. Journal of Morality and Legal Culture, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.20961/jmail.v1i1.44749
Silvia, F., Leksono, K., & Anand, G. (2018). The Characteristics of Sharia Compliance in the Settlement of Sharia Economic Disputes in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclgg-17.2018.15
Sugeng, B., & Vandawati, Z. (2020). The Problematics of Simple Lawsuit Implementation To Reduce Civil Cases In Supreme Court. Al-Hukama, 10(1), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2020.10.1.171-194
Umam, F. C., Tamrin, A. M. H., Yusup, A., Fahreza, M. R., & Sofiyanti, S. (2024). Application of The Principle of Justice in Islamic Civil Dispute Resolution in Indonesia. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 2(8), 1882–1889. https://doi.org/10.59613/global.v2i8.282
Wahb, Y. A. (2023). Competing Authorities. American Journal of Islam and Society, 39(3–4), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v39i3-4.2993
Zerin, S. A., & Azam, R. M. U. (2025). Synergizing ADR With the Existing Legal System to Ensure Access to Justice for Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Bangladesh. Conflict Resolution Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70006