Absoluut Competentie (Kompetensi Absolut): Kewenangan Badan Peradilan dalam Mengadili Perkara Berdasarkan Jenis dan Lingkungan Peradilannya
Keywords:
absoluut competentie, kompetensi absolut, Pengadilan Agama, hukum Islam, ekonomi syariah, takhsīṣ al-qaḍā'Abstract
This article examines the concept of absoluut competentie (absolute competence) in the context of Islamic adjudication in Indonesia, particularly within the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) and the Sharia Court (Mahkamah Syar'iyah). Absolute competence is understood as the authority of a judicial body to examine certain types of cases that cannot under any circumstances be examined by another judicial body. This study connects the concept to Islamic legal tradition (qadhā', takhsīṣ al-qaḍā'), the institutionalization of Islamic law within the national legal system, and practical dynamics encompassing sharia economic disputes, judicial competence, and the pluralism of dispute resolution mechanisms. The article affirms that absolute competence is not merely a formal category, but rather a mechanism that determines the protection of rights, legal certainty, and the alignment of judicial processes with the objectives of maslahah (public welfare) that orient the application of Islamic law. The findings underscore that absolute competence constitutes an institutional prerequisite, yet its effectiveness demands the proper management of relative competence, standardized normative references, and continuous enhancement of judicial capacity.
Artikel ini membahas konsep absoluut competentie (kompetensi absolut) dalam konteks peradilan Islam di Indonesia, khususnya Pengadilan Agama dan Mahkamah Syar'iyah. Kompetensi absolut dipahami sebagai kewenangan suatu badan peradilan untuk memeriksa jenis perkara tertentu yang secara mutlak tidak dapat diperiksa oleh badan peradilan lain. Kajian ini mengaitkan konsep tersebut dengan tradisi hukum Islam (qadhā', takhsīṣ al-qaḍā'), institusionalisasi hukum Islam dalam hukum nasional, serta dinamika praktis yang meliputi sengketa ekonomi syariah, kompetensi hakim, dan pluralisme mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa. Artikel menegaskan bahwa kompetensi absolut bukan sekadar kategori formal, melainkan mekanisme yang menentukan perlindungan hak, kepastian hukum, serta keselarasan proses peradilan dengan tujuan kemaslahatan dalam penerapan hukum Islam.
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