Abuse of Power dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam: Kajian Normatif, Kelembagaan, dan Pemidanaan

Abstract

This article comprehensively examines the concept of abuse of power from the perspective of Islamic Law, encompassing normative, institutional, and penal dimensions. Employing a literature review approach, this article analyzes the relationship between the principles of amanah (trustworthiness), justice, and maqāṣid al-sharī'ah as normative foundations, as well as mechanisms for preventing abuse of power through institutional design such as separation of powers, shura, and social oversight. The findings indicate that abuse of power in Islamic Law is understood as a betrayal of public trust, equivalent to the classical fiqh categories of ghulūl, khiyānah, and risywah, and is generally subject to discretionary ta'zīr sanctions. Effective prevention requires a combination of moral integrity and institutional engineering consistent with the principles of the modern rule of law. The convergence between rule of law principles—namely legal supremacy, equality before the law, and due process—and Islamic political ethics of amanah and justice provides a strong foundation for affirming that the anti-abuse of power agenda is simultaneously a normative and institutional agenda, demanding both moral integrity and structural reform.

Artikel ini mengkaji konsep abuse of power (penyalahgunaan kekuasaan) dalam perspektif Hukum Islam secara komprehensif, meliputi dimensi normatif, kelembagaan, dan pemidanaan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian pustaka, artikel ini menelaah relasi antara prinsip amanah, keadilan, dan maqāṣid al-sharī'ah sebagai landasan normatif, serta mekanisme pencegahan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan melalui desain kelembagaan seperti pembagian kekuasaan, syura, dan pengawasan sosial. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa abuse of power dalam Hukum Islam dipahami sebagai pengkhianatan amanah publik yang ekuivalen dengan kategori ghulūl, khiyānah, dan risywah dalam fiqh klasik, serta pada umumnya dikenai sanksi ta'zīr yang bersifat diskresi. Pencegahan yang efektif menuntut kombinasi integritas moral dan rekayasa kelembagaan yang sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip negara hukum modern.