Actio Popularis dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam: Rekonstruksi Konseptual Berbasis Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah dan Maṣlaḥah
Keywords:
actio popularis, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, maṣlaḥah, citizen lawsuit, Hukum Islam, kepentingan umumAbstract
Actio popularis, rooted in Roman legal tradition, refers to a legal mechanism that allows any citizen to file a lawsuit in the public interest without the obligation to prove personal injury. This article examines the compatibility of actio popularis with Islamic law through a conceptual reconstruction based on the framework of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and maṣlaḥah. Using a normative-juridical approach with library research method, this study analyzes how the principle of citizen action for public interest can be evaluated through the objectives and parameters of Islamic jurisprudence. The findings show that actio popularis is not a classical fiqh institution, but its purpose is compatible with Islamic law insofar as it functions as an instrument for correcting state negligence in realizing verified public maṣlaḥah aligned with maqāṣid. This compatibility rests on three pillars: (1) teleological orientation toward the five essential objectives of Islamic law; (2) strict parameters of maṣlaḥah mursalah ensuring public interest claims are genuine, universal, and consistent with scriptural sources; and (3) the principle of siyāsah sharʿiyyah which positions citizen participation as a means of demanding policy accountability based on maṣlaḥah. However, methodological caution is required given the potential for politicization and misuse of public interest claims in the contemporary context.
Actio popularis, yang berakar dari tradisi hukum Romawi, merujuk pada mekanisme tindakan hukum yang memungkinkan setiap warga negara mengajukan gugatan demi kepentingan umum tanpa kewajiban membuktikan kerugian pribadi. Artikel ini mengkaji kompatibilitas actio popularis dengan Hukum Islam melalui rekonstruksi konseptual berbasis kerangka maqāṣid al-sharīʿah dan maṣlaḥah. Dengan pendekatan normatif-yuridis dan metode penelitian kepustakaan (library research), studi ini menganalisis bagaimana prinsip gugatan warga demi kepentingan publik dapat dievaluasi melalui tujuan dan parameter yurisprudensi Islam. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa actio popularis bukan merupakan institusi fiqh klasik, namun secara tujuan kompatibel dengan Hukum Islam sejauh berfungsi sebagai instrumen koreksi kelalaian negara untuk mewujudkan maṣlaḥah umum yang terverifikasi dan selaras dengan maqāṣid. Kompatibilitas ini bertumpu pada tiga pilar: (1) orientasi teleologis pada lima tujuan pokok syariah; (2) parameter ketat maṣlaḥah mursalah yang memastikan klaim kepentingan umum bersifat nyata, universal, dan tidak bertentangan dengan nash; serta (3) prinsip siyāsah sharʿiyyah yang memposisikan partisipasi warga sebagai sarana menagih akuntabilitas kebijakan berbasis maṣlaḥah. Namun demikian, kehati-hatian metodologis tetap diperlukan mengingat potensi politisasi dan penyalahgunaan klaim kepentingan publik dalam konteks kontemporer.
References
Abidin, A. (2018). Al-Wāqi' al-Ijtimāʿiyyah in the review of the Qur'an (Islamic law). Hunafa Jurnal Studia Islamika, 15(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v15i1.505.1-19
Alimuddin, A. (2019). The urgency of the maqāṣid al-syarīʿah in reasoning Islamic law. Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal, 1(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v1i2.42
Amiruddin, M. M., Sapa, N. B., & Syatar, A. (2020). Uncovering wasathiyah values on sharia banking. Al-Mashrafiyah: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, dan Perbankan Syariah, 4(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-mashrafiyah.v4i2.14676
Arena, V. (2022). Actiones populares, popular sovereignty, and the people. Dalam Popular sovereignty in historical perspective (hlm. 38–57). https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267127.003.0003
Arifin, Z., & Hatoli, H. (2021). Application of halal certification by Indonesian Ulema Council on electronic and non-consumption products: Maslahah perspective. Justicia Islamica, 18(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v18i1.2397
Bawazier, D. A., & Zainuddin, M. (2022). Reflection on the relations of Islamic law and politics. Lisan Al-Hal: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.35316/lisanalhal.v16i1.1-15
Bisariyadi, B. (2017). The application of legal construction in the rulings of the Constitutional Court. Mimbar Hukum: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 29(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.17911
Eldersevi, S., & Haron, R. (2019). An analysis of maṣlaḥah based resolutions issued by Bank Negara Malaysia. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 12(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijif-09-2018-0103
Fisol, W. N. M., Albasri, S. H., & Mat, I. (2017). The scientific of the fundamentals of maqāṣid in Islamic financial products development. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i10/3424
Ibrahim, B. (2021). Prevention of Covid-19 outbreak by authorities in Malaysia viewed from fiqh al-maʾāl perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i11/11549
Ibrahim, B., & Zaini, A. F. bin M. (2021). Mandatory immunisation policy by ruler from syariah perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i11/11548
Ilma, M. (2021). Reconstruction of the concept of maḥram in women's safar based on Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah's legal change theory. Juris (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 20(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v20i2.4303
Ishak, M. S. I., & Asni, F. (2020). The role of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah in applying fiqh muamalat into modern Islamic banking in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(10), 2137–2154. https://doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2019-0224
Kasdi, A. (2019). Reconstruction of fiqh nusantara: Developing the ijtihad methodology in formulating fiqh from Indonesian perspective. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 7(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v7i2.4797
Kazemi-Moussavi, A. (2011). Rethinking Islamic legal methodology with reference to maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. ICR Journal, 2(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i2.648
Mafiah, Y., & Hidayati, T. W. (2023). The significance of al-Ghazali's maṣlaḥah concept to the development of uṣūl fiqh and Islamic law. An Nur: Jurnal Studi Islam, 15(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.37252/annur.v15i1.444
Maftuhin, A., & Muflihati, A. (2022). The fikih difabel of Muhammadiyah: Context, content, and aspiration to an inclusive Islam. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 12(2), 341–367. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i2.341-367
Mariani, M. (2022). Reactualization of the marriage age limit in Indonesia (in the perspective of maṣlaḥah mursalah). Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal, 7(1), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v7i1.309
Mudawam, S. (2021). The uṣūl al-fiqh approach on the understanding of Islamic law in contemporary era: Source and contextualization. Asy-Syirʿah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum, 55(2), 315. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v55i2.1004
Mufazzal, M. A., & Chaudhary, N. F. (2024). From apocalypticism to eschatology: A comparative analysis of Western “utilitarianism” and Islamic “maṣlaḥah.” IJISH (International Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities), 7(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.26555/ijish.v7i1.9705
Muhammad, A. (2023). Bureau of boarding and community development (BPPM) and actualization of social fiqh Kiai Sahal. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Raushan Fikr, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24090/jimrf.v12i1.5313
Muhsin, S. M., Hashi, A. A., Gounjaria, N., Alashaikh, M. H., & Chin, A. H. B. (2025). Can global bioethics benefit from Islamic jurisprudential principles? Bioethics, 40(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.70035
Munadi, M., & Iswanto, B. (2020). The concept maṣlaḥah of Najamuddin al-Tufi and it's relevance of sharia business. Iqtishoduna: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 9(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.36835/iqtishoduna.v9i2.526
Mursid, F., Atoillah, M. A., & Nurhisam, L. (2023). Cooperative member savings guarantee as a form of legal protection in the maṣlaḥah perspective. Al-Mustashfa: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 8(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.24235/jm.v8i2.14193
Muslimin, J. (2019). Logics, objectives and sociological sides of Islamic law. Al-Ulum, 19(1), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v19i1.729
Nurmamatova, N. (2022). Mechanism of appeal to the Constitutional Court. TSUL Legal Report, 3(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./rcvc5317
Nurnazli, Awaludin, R., Dewi, A., & Akmansyah, M. (2024). The relevance of non-litigation mediation in family dispute resolution to family law reform in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i2.14970
Permani, I., & Iskandar, I. (2022). As-Syatibi economic thinking. Jurnal Mediasas: Media Ilmu Syari'ah dan Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah, 5(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.58824/mediasas.v5i1.394
Quraishi-Landes, A. (2007). Interpreting the Qur'an and the Constitution: Similarities in the use of text, tradition, and reason in Islamic and American jurisprudence. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.963142
Rahman, F. K. (2023). Marriage registration as a form of maṣlaḥah mursalah. Maqasid, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.30651/mqs.v12i2.20242
Raya, Moch. K. F. (2022). Online wedding during pandemic the perspective of maqāṣid al-syar'ah Imam al-Ghazālī. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat, 22(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v22i1.10658
Razak, A. (2019). Multiple sharia' board directorship: A maṣlaḥah (public interest) perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 745–764. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-10-2018-0185
Rohman, A. N. (2019). The existence of maṣlaḥah mursalah as the basis of Islamic law development in Indonesia. Krtha Bhayangkara, 13(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v13i2.9
Rois, C., Jannani, N., & Mufid, Moh. H. (2024). Islamic law paradigm responding conflicts of interest of economic development and ecological conservation: Hifdz al-bi'ah perspective. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i1.8660
Rozi, M., & Subaidi, S. (2023). Prinsip gerak ijtihadi uṣūl fiqh dan maqāṣid asy-syarīʿah. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Raushan Fikr, 12(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.24090/jimrf.v12i1.6633
Setowara, M. S. (2020). The Yusuf Qardhawi's thought on al-daulah al-shar'iyyah al-dustūriyyah and its relevance to the concept of Indonesian polity. Ulumuddin: Journal of Islamic Legal Studies, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.22219/ulumuddin.v1i2.14912
Syaichoni, A. (2020). Al-ijārah al-mawṣūfah fī al-dhimmah in the study of Islamic financial economics. Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 11(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.21580/economica.2020.11.2.6834
Tohari, C., Fawwaz, H., & Swadjaja, I. (2022). The ijtihad construction of Islamic law based on the maqāṣid al-syarīʿah approach in the Indonesian context. Prophetic Law Review, 4(2), 195–221. https://doi.org/10.20885/plr.vol4.iss2.art4
Yaqin, A., & Ahmadi, R. (2019). Highlighting intrinsic objectives of bull race culture based on maqāṣid al-syarīʿah kaleidoscope. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 14(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-ihkam.v14i1.1844
