Actio Pauliana dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam: Kajian Normatif atas Pembatalan Perbuatan Hukum Debitur dalam Kepailitan Syariah
Keywords:
actio pauliana, kepailitan syariah, Hukum Islam, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, perlindungan krediturAbstract
Actio pauliana is an instrument under Indonesian positive law designed to annul debtor's legal acts that are detrimental to creditors, as regulated under Article 1341 of the Civil Code and the Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations Law (UUK-PKPU). This study aims to examine actio pauliana from an Islamic Law perspective, particularly in the context of Islamic bankruptcy in Indonesia. Employing a normative legal research method based on literature study, this article analyzes the compatibility of the actio pauliana instrument with Islamic Law principles, primarily through the framework of maqāṣid al-syarī'ah and the values of justice and maslahah. The findings indicate that actio pauliana is not recognized as a standalone classical fiqh terminology; rather, it is understood as a “principle” of transaction avoidance within the context of Islamic bankruptcy in Indonesia. In terms of values, this instrument is compatible with the orientation of justice in Islamic Law as it prevents chaotic asset seizure and ensures an orderly fulfillment of creditors' rights. Nevertheless, its application demands a balanced protection of creditors, debtors, and third parties acting in good faith through normative certainty, fair evidentiary standards, and the strengthening of the Religious Court's jurisdiction in Islamic bankruptcy disputes.
Actio pauliana merupakan instrumen hukum positif Indonesia yang berfungsi membatalkan perbuatan hukum debitur yang merugikan kreditur, sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1341 KUH Perdata dan Undang-Undang Kepailitan dan PKPU (UUK-PKPU). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji actio pauliana dalam perspektif Hukum Islam, khususnya dalam konteks kepailitan syariah di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif berbasis studi kepustakaan, kajian ini menelaah kompatibilitas instrumen actio pauliana dengan prinsip-prinsip Hukum Islam, terutama melalui kerangka maqāṣid al-syarī'ah dan nilai keadilan/kemaslahatan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa actio pauliana tidak dikenal sebagai terminologi fikih klasik yang berdiri sendiri, melainkan dipahami sebagai “prinsip” pembatalan transaksi yang merugikan boedel pailit dalam konteks kepailitan syariah Indonesia. Secara nilai, instrumen ini kompatibel dengan orientasi keadilan dalam Hukum Islam karena mencegah kekacauan perebutan aset dan memastikan keteraturan pemenuhan hak kreditur. Akan tetapi, penerapannya menuntut keseimbangan perlindungan kreditur, debitur, dan pihak ketiga beritikad baik melalui kepastian norma, pembuktian yang adil, serta penguatan forum Peradilan Agama dalam sengketa kepailitan syariah.
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