Abduksionisme dalam Perspektif Filsafat Islam: Sebuah Sintesis Metodologis
Keywords:
abduksionisme, filsafat Islam, epistemologi, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, maslahah, inferensi hipotetikAbstract
This article examines the concept of abductionism—a method of reasoning that infers the best explanation from available facts—within the framework of Islamic philosophy. Using an analytical-philosophical approach, this study traces how abduction as a logic of hypothetical inference can be integratively positioned within Islamic epistemology, which encompasses sources of knowledge comprising the senses, reason, intuition, and revelation. The findings indicate that abductionism is compatible with Islamic philosophy insofar as it is carried out within a non-confrontational framework between religion, philosophy, and science; within the harmony of reason and revelation; and within an ethical orientation and the principle of maslahah as criteria for selecting the best hypothesis. In the domain of contemporary Islamic law, abduction functions as a tool to bridge normative texts with socio-empirical realities through parameters of meaning and maslahah, oriented toward the achievement of maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. This study also notes the risk of “wild abduction,” which must be constrained by logical discipline, epistemological awareness, and ethical orientation.
Artikel ini mengkaji konsep abduksionisme—metode penalaran yang menyimpulkan penjelasan terbaik dari fakta yang tersedia—dalam bingkai filsafat Islam. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analitis-filosofis, kajian ini menelusuri bagaimana abduksi sebagai logika inferensi hipotetik dapat diposisikan secara integratif dalam epistemologi Islam yang mencakup sumber-sumber pengetahuan berupa indera, akal, intuisi, dan wahyu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa abduksionisme kompatibel dengan filsafat Islam sejauh dijalankan dalam kerangka non-konfrontatif antara agama, filsafat, dan sains; dalam harmoni antara akal dan wahyu; serta dalam orientasi etis dan kemaslahatan sebagai kriteria pemilihan hipotesis terbaik. Dalam ranah hukum Islam kontemporer, abduksi berfungsi sebagai perangkat untuk menjembatani teks normatif dengan realitas sosial-empiris melalui parameter makna dan maslahah, serta berorientasi pada pencapaian maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. Kajian ini juga mencatat risiko “abduksi liar” yang perlu diikat oleh disiplin logis, kesadaran epistemologis, dan orientasi etika.
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